All-Optical Modulation Format Conversions from PAM4 to QPSK and 16QAM Using Silicon-Rich Nitride Waveguides

Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) formats are deployed in inter-data center networks where high transmission capacity spectral efficiency required. However, intra-data networks, a four-level pulse (PAM4) format is to satisfy the requirements for simple low-cost transceiver configuration. For seamless effective connection of such heterogeneous without an optical-electrical-optical conversion, all-optical conversion technique In this paper, we propose PAM4 QPSK 16QAM conversions using silicon-rich nitride waveguides. The successful from 50-Gbps-class signals 100-Gbps-class demonstrated via numerical simulations.